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Chlamydia occurrence and its impact on different groups

In 2022, there were 199,233 chlamydia diagnoses in England across all age groups. This represents a 24.3% increase from the previous year (160,279 diagnoses in 2021)

Gender Differences

Among young women aged 15 to 24 years screened through the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP):

  • Chlamydia tests: 690,531 tests were carried out in 2022, a slight decrease compared to 2021 (698,979).
  • Chlamydia diagnoses: There were 68,882 chlamydia diagnoses, showing a 21.8% increase from 2021 (56,562).
  • Test positivity: The test positivity rate increased from 8.1% to 10.0% over the same period.

Symptoms and Signs

  • Most of the time, chlamydia infection is asymptomatic in the initial stage.
  • Common symptoms in women include:
    • Vaginal discharge
    • Itching in the vaginal area
    • Bleeding between periods
    • Painful sexual intercourse
  • In men, symptoms may include:
    • Pain and swelling in the testicles
    • Discharge from the penis
  • Other common symptoms include pain while urinating, lower abdomen pain, rectal pain, and bleeding.

Among young women aged 15 to 24 years screened through the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP):

Occurrence of gonorrhoea in different groups:

In 2020, there were an estimated 82.4 million new gonorrhoea infections among adults globally.

Gonorrhoea prevalence is highest among vulnerable populations, including:

  • Men who have sex with men (MSM)
  • Sex workers
  • Transgender women
  • Transgender women
  • Adolescents and young people in high-burden countries.

Symptoms and Signs:

  • Women: Most women with gonorrhoea do not have symptoms. When they do, common signs include:
    • Vaginal discharge
    • Pain or burning during urination
    • Vaginal bleeding between periods or during intercourse.
  • Men: Common symptoms in men include:
    • Pain or burning when urinating
    • White, yellow, or greenish discharge from the penis
    • Pain or swelling in the testes.

Asymptomatic Cases:

about 1 in 10 infected men and almost half of infected women do not experience any obvious symptoms.

The symptoms of gonorrhoea in both men and women:

  • Symptoms in Women:
    • At least 70% of women with gonorrhoea don’t notice any symptoms.
    • If symptoms do occur, common ones include:
      • Vaginal discharge
      • Pain or burning when passing urine
      • Pain or tenderness in the lower abdominal area
      • Bleeding between periods
      • Heavier periods or bleeding after sex (less common)
    • If left untreated, gonorrhoea can spread to the womb and cause a serious condition called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to infertility.
  • Symptoms in Men:
    • At least half of all men with gonorrhoea don’t notice any symptoms.
    • If symptoms do develop, they may include:
      • Unusual discharge from the tip of the penis (white, yellow, or green)
      • Pain or burning when urinating
      • Inflammation (swelling) of the foreskin
      • Pain or tenderness in the testicles (rare)
    • Untreated gonorrhoea can cause swelling in the epididymis (the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles) and affect fertility.
  • Infection in Other Areas:

    Gonorrhoea can also infect other areas:

    • Rectum: Through unprotected anal sex, causing discomfort and rectal discharge.
    • Throat: Through unprotected oral sex (usually asymptomatic).
    • Eyes: Contact with infected semen or vaginal fluid, leading to eye redness, pain, and discharge (conjunctivitis).

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can be transmitted through vaginal, anal, and oral sex.

Here’s what you need to know about it in the context of the United Kingdom:

  • Prevalence:
    • In 2022, there were 24,910 new diagnoses of genital herpes made in sexual health clinics in the UK. This represents a 5.3% increase compared to the previous year (21,892 diagnoses in 2021). However, these figures are still lower than the 34,464 diagnoses reported in 2019.
  • Symptoms:
    • Small blisters that burst and leave red, open sores around the genitals, anus, thighs, or bottom.
    • Tingling, burning, or itching around the genital area.
    • Pain during urination.
    • Unusual discharge from the genitals.
    • Symptoms may appear weeks or even years after infection.

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